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Organization blocks (OBs) represent the interface between the operating system and the user program. Called by the operating system, they control cyclic and interrupt­driven program execution, startup behavior of the PLC and error handling. You can program the organization blocks to determine CPU behavior.

Organization Block Priority

Organization blocks determine the sequence (start events) by which individual program sections are executed. An OB call can interrupt the execution of another OB. Which OB is allowed to interrupt another OB depends on its priority. Higher priority OBs can interrupt lower priority OBs. The background OB has the lowest priority.

Types of Interrupt and Priority Classes

Start events triggering an OB call are known as interrupts. The following table shows the types of interrupt in STEP 7 and the priority of the organization blocks assigned to them. Not all organization blocks listed and their priority classes are available in all S7 CPUs (see 'S7-300 Programmable Controller, Hardware and Installation Manual' and 'S7-400, M7-400 Programmable Controllers Module Specifications Reference Manual').

Type of Interrupt	Organization Block	Priority Class (Default)	See also
Main program scan	OB1	1
Time-of-day interrupts	OB10 to OB17	2
Time-delay interrupts	OB20 OB21 OB22 OB23	3 4 5 6
Cyclic interrupts	OB30 OB31 OB32 OB33 OB34 OB35 OB36 OB37 OB38	7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Hardware interrupts	OB40 OB41 OB42 OB43 OB44 OB45 OB46 OB47	16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
DPV1 interrupts	OB 55 OB 56 OB 57	2 2 2
Multicomputing interrupt	OB60 Multicomputing	25
Synchronous cycle interrupt	OB 61 OB 62 OB 63 OB 64	25
Redundancy errors	OB70 I/O Redundancy Error (only in H systems) OB72 CPU Redundancy Error (only in H systems)	25 28	'Error Handling Organization Blocks (OB70 to OB87 / OB121 to OB122)'
Asynchronous errors	25 (or 28 if the asynchronous error OB exists in the startup program)
Background cycle	OB90	29 1)
Startup	OB100 Restart (Warm start) OB101 Hot Restart OB102 Cold Restart	27 27 27
Synchronous errors	Priority of the OB that caused the error
1) The priority class 29 corresponds to priority 0.29. The background cycle has a lower priority than the free cycle.

Changing the Priority

Interrupts can be assigned parameters with STEP 7. With the parameter assignment you can for example, deselect interrupt OBs or priority classes in the parameter blocks: time­of­day interrupts, time­delay interrupts, cyclic interrupts, and hardware interrupts.

The priority of organization blocks on S7-300 CPUs is fixed.

With S7-400 CPUs (and the CPU 318) you can change the priority of the following organization blocks with STEP 7:

• OB10 to OB47

• OB70 to OB72 (only H CPUs) and OB81 to OB87 in RUN mode.

The following priority classes are permitted:

• Priority classes 2 to 23 for OB10 to OB47

• Priority classes 2 to 28 for OB70 to OB72

• Priority classes 24 to 26 for OB81 to OB87; for CPUs as of approx. The middle of 2001 (Firmware Version 3.0) the ranges where extended: Priority classes 2 to 26 can be set for OB 81 to OB 84 as well as for OB 86 and OB 87.

You can assign the same priority to several OBs. OBs with the same priority are processed in the order in which their start events occur.

Error OBs started by synchronous errors are executed in the same priority class as the block being executed when the error occurred.

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Local Data

When creating logic blocks (OBs, FCs, FBs), you can declare temporary local data. The local data area on the CPU is divided among the priority classes.

On S7-400, you can change the amount of local data per priority class in the 'priority classes' parameter block using STEP 7.

Start Information of an OB

Every organization block has start information of 20 bytes of local data that the operating system supplies when an OB is started. The start information specifies the start event of the OB, the date and time of the OB start, errors that have occurred, and diagnostic events.

For example, OB40, a hardware interrupt OB, contains the address of the module that generated the interrupt in its start information.

Deselected Interrupt OBs

If you assign priority class 0 or assign less than 20 bytes of local data to a priority class, the corresponding interrupt OB is deselected. The handling of deselected interrupt OBs is restricted as follows:

• In RUN mode, they cannot be copied or linked into your user program.

• In STOP mode, they can be copied or linked into your user program, but when the CPU goes through a restart (warm start) they stop the startup and an entry is made in the diagnostic buffer.

By deselecting interrupt OBs that you do not require, you increase the amount of local data area available, and this can be used to save temporary data in other priority classes.

Cyclic Program Processing

Cyclic program processing is the 'normal' type of program execution on programmable logic controllers, meaning the operating system runs in a program loop (the cycle) and calls the organization block OB1 once in every loop in the main program. The user program in OB1 is therefore executed cyclically.

Event-Driven Program Processing

Cyclic program processing can be interrupted by certain events (interrupts). If such an event occurs, the block currently being executed is interrupted at a command boundary and a different organization block that is assigned to the particular event is called. Once the organization block has been executed, the cyclic program is resumed at the point at which it was interrupted.

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This means it is possible to process parts of the user program that do not have to be processed cyclically only when needed. The user program can be divided up into 'subroutines' and distributed among different organization blocks. If the user program is to react to an important signal that occurs relatively seldom (for example, a limit value sensor for measuring the level in a tank reports that the maximum level has been reached), the subroutine that is to be processed when the signal is output can be located in an OB whose processing is event-driven.

Linear Versus Structured Programming

You can write your entire user program in OB1 (linear programming). This is only advisable with simple programs written for the S7-300 CPU and requiring little memory.

Complex automation tasks can be controlled more easily by dividing them into smaller tasks reflecting the technological functions of the process or that can be used more than once. These tasks are represented by corresponding program sections, known as the blocks (structured programming).

See also:

I noticed you are very proficient regarding the subject so i decided to ask.
tip: block passwords in tia portal can ony be set in one session: if you close the block and reopen the button is greyed out.
tried using ollidbg but got dizzy.

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My other approach was using content comparison between the project/system/PEData.idx(plf) files before and after intoducing/changing the password.
Passwords can be quite long so a brute force approach would be inconvenient.
Scenario 1: you have your designed software on your pc and you forgot the password of your ob1 function block.

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Scenario 2: you access a s7-1200 plc in a factory and need to modify the recipe parameters and add a fail-safe functionality to the existing program. The cpu is read/write protected and the function block is password protected. The whole soft is saved on the plc memory.
Here is a sample project with passwords all over it for a s7-1214 http://www.filehosting.org/file/details/390795/newp.zip
Most of the passwords are long so a brute force attempt would take alot of time.